Indian Rupee Continues to Fall-VRK100-14Dec2011

Indian Rupee

Continues to Fall

Should RBI Intervene to Arrest Rupee’s Relentless Fall?

Rama Krishna Vadlamudi, HYDERABAD   14 December 2011
www.ramakrishnavadlamudi.blogspot.com

In September 1998, Nelson Mandela wrote to speculator-cum-philanthropist George Soros asking how South Africa should deal with currency speculators like Soros himself. Writing back, Soros said that it was always futile to defend any indefensible exchange rates and instead urged the South African leader to avoid excessive short-term external debt and to maintain stringent supervision over local banks.*

We do not know whether South Africa benefited from Soros’ advice of non-intervention in foreign exchange markets. But, the Reserve Bank of India seems to be following a hands-off policy when it comes to dealing with the Indian rupee’s sharp depreciation against the US dollar since the second week of August 2011.

Between August 2011 and now, the rupee has fallen by almost 20 percent against the dollar from a level of 44.74 to 53.51. On 13 December 2011, the rupee touched an intra-day low of 53.51 before settling at 53.23 at day’s close.

The sudden depreciation has shocked many Indian companies and others engaged in foreign trade, investment, etc. Importers and companies with external debt with un-hedged exposures are caught unawares. Many Indian companies (net foreign exchange spenders) declared high exchange losses during the July-September quarterly results. The costlier dollar (versus the rupee) has made life difficult for Indian travellers and students studying abroad.

* Source: “Soros – The Life and Times of A Messianic Billionaire” by Michael T. Kaufman

The fear is that the exchange losses for India Inc may continue during the current quarter (October-December 2011) also.

Countries, like, Switzerland and Japan are grappling with currency appreciation. But, in India we are facing the opposite situation of a sharp depreciation of the domestic currency against the US dollar.

What is troubling the rupee?

The current depreciation of rupee can be attributed mainly to two factors: 1. external and 2. domestic. The external factor is the massive appreciation of dollar against other major currencies, which caused short supply of dollars impacting the value of rupee negatively. The domestic factors that worked against the rupee are: slowdown in India’s GDP growth rate, sharp deterioration of industrial activity as measured by IIP, persistent inflation, growing current account deficit indicated by single-digit exports growth and double-digit imports growth, political logjam on various economic issues, rising fiscal deficit, weakness in stock markets, etc.

Basically, the rupee fall is exaggerated by some sort of self-fulfilling prophecy. The expectations of rupee falling to 50 were developing in August 2011 when rupee fell to 47. When it fell to 50 levels, experts predicted that rupee would further go down to 52 levels. Now they talk of rupee touching 56 or even 60 levels and the cycle goes on!

The empirical evidence suggests that it is extremely difficult to predict levels in foreign exchange markets. In July this year, everyone expected the US dollar to fall further against other major currencies. But to everyone’s utter surprise, the dollar has gained more than 10 percent in the last four months or so!

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Read more about the Indian Rupee:

Reasons for Indian Rupee’s Fall

Stocks, Bonds, Rupee and Inflation

Foreign Exchange Losses and India Inc

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Should RBI intervene to shore up Indian rupee?

Amidst chaos and large foreign exchange losses, a clamour has arisen from various quarters demanding the RBI to intervene in the markets and stall the rupee’s free fall against the dollar. In the past RBI intervened to either arrest the appreciation or depreciation of rupee. As such, whenever some trouble arises, there have been demands to RBI to protect the interests of the vulnerable entities.

Between August and October 2011 when the rupee depreciated from 45 level to about 50 level, the net sale of US dollars was practically nil indicating the RBI’s non-interventionist policy. The official RBI position is: “We don’t target a level of exchange rate. The exchange rate is determined by the forces of supply and demand and other factors. We may intervene if there is excess volatility.”

It is not clear whether the RBI still thinks the 20-percent fall of rupee versus the dollar is not “volatile” enough for it to intervene in the markets. If it has to strengthen the rupee, RBI has to sell dollars, part of the government’s official foreign exchange reserves, in the market. Opinion in the RBI seems to be veering to the view that the country’s foreign exchange reserves are precious and they have to be conserved for any future eventuality.

The RBI’s figures show India’s foreign exchanges reserves at $ 314 billion (Nov.11). Whereas, India’s total external debt is put at $ 317 billion (Jun.11). While the total external debt to GDP is comfortable at 17.4 percent (Mar.11), it is the share of short-term external debt (within one year residual maturity) to total debt at 42.2 percent (Mar.11) that is a big concern now.

The RBI has kept its focus on taming inflation. India has experienced elevated levels of persistent inflation for the past three years. To curb inflationary pressures, RBI has raised interest rates 13 times (by 375 basis points or 3.75 percent) in the last 18 months. With the GDP growth rate in jeopardy now, the general expectation is that the RBI may relax its monetary tightening. There is also speculation that RBI may cut cash reserve ratio (CRR) for banks to improve liquidity.

On 16 December 2011, RBI is set to announce its quarterly review of monetary policy. Though food inflation has come down to 6.6 percent, RBI may not give any indication of rate cuts for the time being. Unless there are clear signs of inflation coming down to the RBI’s comfortable level of five to six percent, RBI may not be in a position to loosen its hawkish interest rate policy.

RBI has been following ‘managed float’ exchange rate policy for several years. Managed float is some sort of a via media between a floating rate system and a fixed rate system. Depending on various factors, RBI tries to maintain some balance between the extremes.

Currency Interventions of the Past

Interventions in the past by central banks proved to be useless many a time. The famous instance was the Bank of England’s attempt to defend the pound sterling. Their failed attempt to defend pound in 1992 is said to have cost the UK Treasury more than $ 5 billion at that time. After the 1992 bitter experience, there has been no attempt either by the UK government or the Bank of England to intervene in foreign exchange markets.

The billionaire investor George Soros mentioned at the start of this article is credited as “The Man Who Broke the Bank of England.” His Quantum fund made a profit of $ 1 billion in September 1992 when the UK government withdrew pound sterling from Exchange Rate Mechanism leading to 20-percent depreciation of the pound sterling against the deutsche mark-DM, Germany’s currency before the birth of euro. The currency speculators’ bets proved correct and they made huge profits at the cost of reputation of UK and Bank of England.

Surprisingly, the pound recovered to its pre-ERM level of DM 2.95 per pound within a year. The massive devaluation of pound seemed to have helped the UK economy as the nation’s unemployment fell, growth accelerated and investment picked up within one year of the ERM fiasco. Clearly, a non-interventionist policy worked for them.

But, there are some instances of central bank (and/or government) intervention working well in the foreign exchange markets. The notable examples are G-7 action in March 2011 and Plaza Accord of 1995. In March 2011, the US Federal Reserve in a coordinated action with other Group of 7 (G-7) nations intervened in currency markets and bought US dollars against Japanese yen to arrest the steep rise of yen (against the dollar) after earthquake and tsunami struck Japan. After the G-7 action, the yen fell from 76.25 to 81 level against the dollar in just one day. Prior to G-7 action, the yen rose to 76.25 from 83 level. The intervention worked for about three to four months.

Prior to 1995, the US dollar was rising continuously against other major currencies. Discomforted by the steep appreciation of the dollar, the US government came to an understanding (at Plaza Hotel, New York) with Germany, France, Britain and Japan to arrest the over-valuation of dollar. After this accord (known as Plaza Accord), the dollar underwent a remarkable depreciation against other major currencies, in particular, yen and deutsche mark. This had given a big boost to US exports in the following years.

Conclusion

The RBI seems to be in a mood to conserve the precious foreign exchange reserves for any future eventuality in the next few years. The eurozone sovereign debt crisis is yet to unfold fully. If and when the eurozone breaks up (some experts are not completely ruling out such a possibility), India may need the official reserves if there is any further run on the rupee led by selling from the foreign institutional investors in the Indian stock market.

As George Soros commented in the beginning of this article, it may not be a good idea to defend rupee which may cost the government heavily as had happened in the case of the UK’s efforts to defend the pound sterling in 1992.

Strictly speaking, we cannot compare India with the UK. The UK has capital account convertibility and allows free movement of capital in and out of the country. The same is not the case in India. India is following a very cautious approach when it comes to capital account convertibility. Despite the recommendations of two Tarapore committees, India still has kept lot of capital controls in place in order to protect the domestic economy from external shocks of the kind the world has witnessed in the past.

Due to the protected environment, it is hoped that the currency speculators may not be able to give big shocks to Indian rupee.

RBI is still giving primacy to providing price stability at all costs over other policy objectives of growth and exchange rate. Until inflation shows clear signs of waning, RBI will continue with its tight money policy. It would be interesting to watch the response of the Union Government if RBI continues with its non-interventionist stance on dollar-rupee exchange rate.

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Abbreviations:

GDP                 - Gross Domestic Product or national income

IIP                    - Index of Industrial Production – a measure of industrial activity

Note on author: Author is an investment analyst and writer. The views are personal and this is written only for information purpose. The author has a vested interest in the stock markets. Readers are advised to consult their certified financial adviser before taking any investment decisions.

Author’s articles on financial articles can be accessed at:

www.ramakrishnavadlamudi.blogspot.com

ECB Cuts Interest Rates to Record Low Again-VRK100-10Dec2011

ECB Cuts Interest Rates

to Record Low Again

Rama Krishna Vadlamudi, HYDERABAD   10 December 2011
www.ramakrishnavadlamudi.blogspot.com

On 8 December 2011, the European Central Bank, headquartered in Frankfurt, decreased the key interest rate in the eurozone to a record low of 1.00 per cent from 1.25 per cent. The new rate is effective from 14 December 2011. This is the key rate through which ECB provides the bulk of the liquidity to the banking system in the eurozone.

This is the second policy rate cut undertaken by Mr Mario Draghi in less than two months since taking over as ECB president. He took over as president of the ECB on 1 November 2011.

The ECB had on 8 December 2011 taken the following measures also to support bank liquidity:

·        To conduct two longer-term refinancing operations with a maturity of 36 months and the option of early repayment after one year.

·        To reduce the reserve ratio, which is currently 2%, to 1% as of the reserve maintenance period starting on 18 January 2012.

·        To increase collateral availability by reducing the rating threshold for certain asset-backed securities (ABS) and allowing more flexibility to national central banks (NCBs) in accepting collaterals

Key interest rates of the ECB:

There are three important rates set by the ECB. The most important of them is the refinancing rate of the Main Refinancing Operations.

1. Refinancing Rate: This refinancing rate is considered as the key policy rate of the ECB. Main Refinancing Operation is a regular open market operation conducted by the national central banks (NCBs). Under the MRO, the NCBs provide the majority of the liquidity to the banking system in the euro area (or eurozone). MRO is conducted on a weekly basis and normally has a maturity of one week. The refinancing rate of 1.00 per cent, effective from May 13, 2009 till April 12, 2011, was the lowest in the ECB’s 10-year history. The present rate is again at a record low of 1.00 per cent effective from 14 December 2011.

MAIN REFINANCING OPERATIONS (MRO)
w.e.f.	Refinancing Rate (key ECB policy rate)	Action
14-Dec-11	1.00% fixed	down by 25 bp
9-Nov-11	1.25% fixed	down by 25 bp
13-Jul-11	1.50% fixed	up by 25 bp
13-Apr-11	1.25% fixed	up by 25 bp
13-May-09	1.00% fixed	down by 25 bp
8-Apr-09	1.25% fixed	down by 25 bp
11-Mar-09	1.50% fixed	down by 50 bp
21-Jan-09	2.00% fixed	down by 50 bp
10-Dec-08	2.50% fixed	down by 75 bp
12-Nov-08	3.25% fixed	down by 50 bp
15-Oct-08	3.75% fixed	down by 50 bp
9-Jul-08	4.25% variable	up by 25 bp

2. Deposit Facility: It enables commercial banks in the euro area to park their surplus funds with their respective national central banks (NCBs) at this rate. It is an overnight facility. The present rate is 0.25% from 14 December 2011. (It is similar to Reserve Bank of India’s Reverse Repo rate under its Liquidity Adjustment Facility.)

3. Marginal Lending Facility: It is an overnight facility by which liquidity is offered to the financial sector from the eurosystem. It is a standing facility through which counterparties receive credit from a national central bank at a pre-specified interest rate against eligible assets/securities.  The  present  rate  is 1.75 per cent,  effective  from 14 December 2011. (It is similar to RBI’s Repo rate under LAF.)

Rate Corridor: The interest rates on marginal lending facility and deposit facility normally provide a ceiling and a floor for the overnight market interest rates. Overnight market rates are expected to move within this corridor.

OVERNIGHT FACILITIES
Deposit Facility			Marginal Lending Facility
w.e.f	Rate	Action	w.e.f	Rate	Action
14-Dec-11	0.25%	down by 25 bp	14-Dec-11	1.75%	down by 25 bp
9-Nov-11	0.50%	down by 25 bp	9-Nov-11	2.00%	down by 25 bp
13-Jul-11	0.75%	up by 25 bp	13-Jul-11	2.25%	up by 25 bp
13-Apr-11	0.50%	up by 25 bp	13-Apr-11	2.00%	up by 25 bp
			13-May-09	1.75%	down by 50 bp
8-Apr-09	0.25%	down by 25 bp	8-Apr-09	2.25%	down by 25 bp
11-Mar-09	0.50%	down by 50 bp	11-Mar-09	2.50%	down by 50 bp
21-Jan-09	1.00%	down by 100 bp	21-Jan-09	3.00%	down by 75 bp
10-Dec-08	2.00%	down by 75 bp
12-Nov-08	2.75%	down by 50 bp	12-Nov-08	3.75%	down by 50 bp
9-Oct-08	3.25%	up by 50 bp	9-Oct-08	4.25%	down by 50 bp
			8-Oct-08	4.75%	down by 50 bp
			9-Jul-08	5.25%	up by 25 bp

   Data is as on 10 December 2011                             Data Source:  ECB

Definitions:

European Central Bank (ECB):

The ECB sets the interest rates and is responsible for the single monetary policy of the euro area. It is headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany.

Euro area (or eurozone):

Those EU member states that have adopted the ‘euro’ as their single currency are part of the euro area. There are now 17 European countries which are members of the eurozone, with a common currency, the euro.

Eurosystem:

Eurosystem is the central banking system of the euro area. The ECB and the national central banks of the European Union (EU) member states that have adopted the ‘euro’ as their common currency are part of the eurosystem.

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Note on author: Author is an investment analyst and writer. The views are personal and this is written only for information purpose. The author has a vested interest in the stock markets. Readers are advised to consult their certified financial adviser before taking any investment decisions.

Author’s articles on financial articles can be accessed at:

www.ramakrishnavadlamudi.blogspot.com

RBI introduces CDS from 1December2011

Reserve Bank of India has allowed introduction of Credit Default Swaps (CDS) for Corporate Bonds with effect from 1 December 2011. It may be recalled that the CDS guidelines were to be implemented from 24 October 2011 but got postponed for lack of necessary infrastructure. RBI now says that the needed infrastructure is ready.

Reserve Bank of India has further said that all market makers shall report their CDS trades in corporate bonds within 30 minutes of the trade to the Clearing Corporation of India Limited (CCIL) trade repository CCIL Online Reporting Engine (CORE) beginning 1 December 2011.

If you want to know about Credit Default Swaps, just click:

http://ramakrishnavadlamudi.blogspot.com/2011/10/credit-default-swaps-their-basics.html