RBI’s LAF Corridor Simplified: SDF, MSF & All That Jazz 23Sep2025

RBI’s LAF Corridor Simplified: SDF, MSF & All That Jazz 23Sep2025

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(The views expressed here are for information purposes only and should not be construed as a recommendation or investment advice. While the author is a CFA Charterholder with nearly 25 years of experience in financial markets, this content is intended to share general insights and does not constitute financial guidance. Please consult your financial adviser before taking any investment decision. Safe to assume the author has a vested interest in stocks / investments discussed if any.)

 

 

Abbreviations used:

 

LAF liquidity adjustment facility

MSF marginal standing facility

RBI Reserve Bank of India 

SDF standing deposit facility

WACR weighted average call rate 

 

 

What is LAF corridor?

And what is its significance?

Why did RBI introduce SDF rate?

Difference between Reverse repo and SDF?

MSF versus SDF? 

 

 

The article tries to explain the above briefly, includes a bonus tip also. 😁

 

 

1. LAF Corridor Prior to Apr2022:

Since May 2011, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) had defined the interest rate corridor of the Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) with the marginal standing facility (MSF) rate as the upper bound (ceiling), the fixed overnight reverse repo rate as the lower bound (floor) and the LAF policy repo rate positioned in between.

Upper bound (ceiling):   MSF rate
Mid-range rate:                Repo rate
Lower bound (floor):       Fixed reverse repo rate
 

While the MSF provided market participants access to central bank liquidity at a premium above the policy rate, the fixed rate overnight reverse repo window allowed surplus liquidity to be parked with the RBI at the end of the day at a discount below the LAF policy repo rate.

 

 

(article continues below)

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Related blogs:

 

LAF Repo Rate: The Single Policy Rate

 

Primer on Market Stabilisation Scheme (MSS) and Liquidity Management

 

Bank Rate: Is It Relevant Now? 

 

What is Marginal Standing Facility (MSF)? 

 

Update on Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) 

 

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2. LAF Corridor Since Apr2022:

The above definition ended in Apr2022. Effective from Apr2022, RBI defines the LAF corridor as follows:

 

The RBI defines the LAF corridor with the marginal standing facility (MSF) rate as the upper bound (ceiling), the standing deposit facility (SDF) rate as the lower bound (floor) and the LAF policy repo rate positioned in the middle. 

 

The corridor is symmetric in the sense the SDF rate and MSF rate are 25 basis points away from the policy repo rate, acting as the lower and upper bounds of the corridor respectively. 

 

Since Apr2022, the fixed reverse repo rate was replaced with SDF rate as the floor.  

 

In Apr2022, RBI changed the definition of the LAF corridor and simultaneously introduced SDF -- which removed the RBI's constraint of compulsory collateral for liquidity absorption (more on SDF in Section 4 below).  

Effectively, the current LAF corridor, as of 23Sep2025, is:

 

Upper bound (ceiling):   5.75% (MSF rate)
Mid-range rate:                5.50% (Repo rate)
Lower bound (floor):       5.25% (SDF rate)

 

Technically, the width of the LAF corridor is now 50 basis points (one percentage point equals 100 basis points), which is the difference between MSF and SDF rates.  


RBI Policy rates as of 23Sep2025 are:

Policy Repo Rate: 5.50%
Standing Deposit Facility Rate: 5.25%
Marginal Standing Facility Rate: 5.75%
Bank Rate: 5.75%
Fixed Reverse Repo Rate: 3.35%

3. Significance of LAF corridor:

 

The LAF Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) corridor is a key monetary policy tool used by the RBI to manage short-term liquidity and guide interest rates in the economy. 

It is defined by the MSF rate as the ceiling and the SDF rate as the floor, with the repo rate at the middle. 

RBI manages liquidity using a corridor system with weighted average call rate (WACR) as the target rate. The overnight WACR is the operating target rate for RBI's liquidity operations.  

The WACR is expected to move and be contained within the LAF corridor. By keeping the WACR in a tight range of 50 basis points, the RBI tries to convey its monetary policy signals to the economic agents in the financial system.

In essence, the corridor acts as a tool to control short-term interest rate volatility and maintain stability of the monetary system. 

 

4. Standing Deposit Facility (SDF) rate:

 

The Standing Deposit Facility rate serves as the floor of the LAF corridor and is used to manage excess liquidity in the financial system.

 

The SDF rate is always placed 25 basis points below the RBI's LAF Repo rate. This was instituted by RBI in Apr2022, when the definition of the LAF corridor was altered. 

 

While the MSF rate allows the RBI to inject liquidity into the banking system, the SDF enables it to absorb excess liquidity form banks. Together, these two standing facilities form the upper and lower bounds of the LAF corridor.

 

Notably, the MSF rate is 25 basis points above the Repo rate, while the SDF rate is 25 basis points below the Repo rate. In Apr2022, the width of the LAF corridor was restored to 50 basis points, and it has since been maintained at that level.

 

For a brief period between Mar2020 (COVID-19 outbreak)  and Apr2022, RBI allowed the corridor to rise up to 200 basis points to manage the extraordinary situation back then.  

 

RBI introduced the collateral-free Standing Deposit Facility or SDF in Apr2022, following an amendment to Section 17 of the RBI Act, 1934 in 2018. This amendment empowered the RBI to offer a standing facility to banks without requiring any collateral on RBI's part.

 

The SDF helps the RBI to manage the banking liquidity system more effectively. 

 

 

5. Reverse Repo versus Standing Deposit Facility:

 

Under the reverse repo window, RBI absorbs liquidity from the banking system. While doing so, RBI has to provide collateral in the form of government securities to commercial banks. This is a constraint for RBI, because it may not have, at times, sufficient stock of government securities to offer as collateral to commercial banks. 

 

Now with the introduction of SDF in Apr2022, RBI can absorb excess liquidity, if any, from the banking system without any collateral. 

 

To sum up, collateral requirements under reverse repo window limit the RBI’s operational scope during periods of high liquidity, while SDF removes this bottleneck and enables more efficient liquidity management. 

 

 

6. MSF versus SDF:

 

The RBI provides liquidity tools, MSF and SDF to banks. These facilities are used at the discretion of banks. In the case of MSF, banks have to provide collateral to RBI while accessing RBI funds; but RBI need not offer any collateral to banks while accepting deposits from banks through SDF route. 

But repo window, reverse repo window and OMO (open market operations) are at the discretion of the RBI. 

It is worth noting the SDF is not only a liquidity management tool, but also a financial stability tool. 

 

 

7. Bonus tip: 

 

The word "standing" in MSF and SDF means permanent, on-demand access to these liquidity tools for banks — making them predictable, reliable instruments in RBI’s liquidity management toolkit. This is standard terminology used by global central banks.  

 

 

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References: 

 

Above image courtesy: Google Gemini 

 

RBI governor statement 08Apr2022

 

Operating procedure of monetary policy 26Feb2021 - narrow versus wide LAF corridor, upper bound, lower bound and mid-range

 

Report of the Internal Working Group to Review the Liquidity Management Framework 06Aug2025 

 

RBI Hikes Repo and Reverse Repo Rates 20Mar2010 

 

RBI Monetary Policy Instruments / tools 

 

PIB Press Release 06Jun2025 (PDF form) - Direct and indirect monetary policy tools used by RBI are:

 

Repo rate

MSF rate

SDF rate

LAF

LAF corridor 

Reverse repo rate

Bank rate

CRR

SLR 

14-day term repo / reverse repo auctions

OMOs or open market operations 

 

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Disclosure:  I've got a vested interest in Indian stocks and other investments. It's safe to assume I've interest in the financial instruments / products discussed, if any.

Disclaimer: The analysis and opinion provided here are only for information purposes and should not be construed as investment advice. Investors should consult their own financial advisers before making any investments. The author is a CFA Charterholder with a vested interest in financial markets.

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Bank Rate: Is It Relevant Now?-VRK100-23Jul2013

Rama Krishna Vadlamudi, HYDERABAD      23 July 2013
www.ramakrishnavadlamudi.blogspot.com

As the above graph illustrates, Bank Rate had been kept in comatose for almost a decade between 2003 and 2012. Suddenly, one fine morning in 2012 RBI rediscovered the Bank Rate and raised it by 350 basis points (or 3.5 percentage points) to 9.50 percent. Since then, it has been revised on five other occasions as shown in the above graph.  

The reactivation of Bank Rate since 2012 is broadly on the lines of the report (March 2011) of the Deepak Mohanty Committee on the operating procedure of the monetary policy. This article explores the relevance of Bank Rate in the context of monetary policy. 

What is Bank Rate?:

Informally, Bank Rate is the rate of interest charged by a central bank on the funds lent to banks. However, under Section 49 of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, the Bank Rate has been defined as “the standard rate at which the RBI is prepared to buy or re-discount bills of exchange or other commercial paper eligible for purchase under this Act.” Bank Rate is essentially a discount rate.

Since its introduction in 1935, the Bank Rate was revised by RBI on 35 occasions till now. At present, the Bank Rate is 10.25 percent. (Bank Rate was 3.5 percent when it was first introduced in 1935). Bank Rate has been made equal to Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) rate since 13 February 2012 and so whenever the MSF rate is revised, the Bank Rate also gets revised.

Interestingly, the MSF Rate itself is linked to LAF-Repo rate, with a positive spread of 300 basis points (or 3 percentage points) over the Repo rate. So practically, Bank Rate changes whenever the Repo rate is revised by RBI or the spread between the Repo Rate and the MSF Rate is changed. Now, Repo Rate is the single policy rate used by RBI for setting interest rates (monetary management) in the economy. The current rates of RBI’s policy rates and reserve ratios are given below:

RBI’s Policy Rates				RBI’s Reserve Ratios
Rate	%	Effective		Ratio	%	Effective
		Date				Date
LAF-Repo	7.25	3-May-2013		CRR	4.00	9-Feb-2013
LAF-Reverse Repo	6.25	3-May-2013		SLR	23.00	11-Aug-2012
MSF	10.25	16-Jul-2013
Bank Rate	10.25	15-Jul-2013

To know more about MSF and LAF-Repo, just click:

1. Update on Marginal Standing Facility-20Jul2013

2. LAF Repo Rate: Single Policy Rate-23Jul2013

How was Bank Rate used by RBI in the past?

Bank Rate was used by RBI as a general instrument of monetary policy in the past though RBI had used various other instruments also—such as, statutory liquidity ratio (SLR), cash reserve ratio (CRR), selective credit control, open market operations (OMO), and prescribing interest rates on deposits and advances. RBI used to provide short-term funds to commercial banks at Bank Rate against the collateral of eligible instruments.

Bank Rate was also used as a reference rate for various standing facilities, such as general refinance and export refinance, provided by RBI to banks. Bank Rate acted as refinance rate at which liquidity was to be injected to banks and primary dealers (PDs). On a few occasions, it was used for exchange rate management. It was also used for charging penalties on banks for not meeting reserve requirements (CRR and SLR).

The Relevance of Bank Rate Now:

The importance of Bank Rate as an important instrument of monetary control has declined after the introduction of Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) in June 2000 and RBI’s standing facilities to banks/PDs were completely delinked from the Bank Rate. Now, all the refinance facilities are provided at the LAF-Repo Rate, which has emerged as the single signaling rate for monetary policy.

RBI is required to buy or re-discount bills of exchange or other commercial paper at the Bank Rate as per RBI Act, 1934. Since discounting/rediscounting by the RBI has remained in disuse, the Bank Rate had become inactive for several years. Under the revised operating procedure of the monetary policy (since May 2011), the MSF rate has in many ways serves the purposes of Bank Rate as a discount rate.

On 13Feb2012, the Bank Rate was raised by 350 basis points and since then it has been made equal to the MSF Rate. This increase was a one-time technical adjustment by RBI to align the Bank Rate with the MSF Rate and was not to be viewed as a change in the monetary policy stance.

    

The role of Bank Rate is now limited to:

1. It is now used for calculating penalty on default in CRR and SLR requirements as required by Section 42(3) of the RBI Act, 1934 and Section 24 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, respectively

  2. The penal interest on shortfalls in CRR and SLR (depending on the duration of the shortfalls) are Bank Rate plus 3.0 percentage points or Bank Rate plus 5.0 percentage points

  3. It is also used by several organizations as a reference point for indexation purposes. For example, under Section 372A of the Companies Act, 1956, inter-corporate loans shall not be made at a rate of interest lower than the prevailing Bank Rate.

For all practical purposes, the Bank Rate has become irrelevant as an instrument of liquidity and monetary management.

Summary:

Over the years, the Bank Rate has had its years of glory and gross negligence. RBI had used it for a variety of purposes—in the process confusing the markets and other stakeholders about the relevance of Bank Rate in liquidity and monetary management. With RBI’s flip-flop on Bank Rate, vague signals were sent to the market. One hopes that in future RBI will follow a consistent policy on Bank Rate. 

Today, the Bank Rate largely plays a technical-but-limited role only. Its role is confined to penalties charged by RBI on banks for not maintaining SLR and CRR requirements. The importance of Bank Rate as a monetary policy instrument has waned after the introduction of LAF-Repo rate in June 2000.

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Notes: LAF-Repo Rate under RBI’s Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) is the rate at which RBI lends overnight funds to banks; CRR – Cash Reserve Ratio; and SLR – Statutory Liquidity Ratio.

Reference: RBI Act, Deepak Mohanty Committee report, other RBI reports and www.mca.org.in.

Disclaimer: The author is an investment analyst and freelance writer. His articles on financial markets and Indian economy can be reached at:

http://ramakrishnavadlamudi.blogspot.in/ and www.scribd.com/vrk100

Update on Marginal Standing Facility-VRK100-20Jul2013

Rama Krishna Vadlamudi, HYDERABAD       20 July 2013
www.ramakrishnavadlamudi.blogspot.com

Indian rupee has been depreciating steeply against the US dollar ever since the US Federal Reserve has hinted at tapering its quantitative easing (QE3) programme. For the first time since its introduction in 2011, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has used its marginal standing facility (MSF) to control depreciation of Indian rupee against the US dollar. The measures initiated by RBI on 15 July 2013 to rein in rupee volatility are:

a). The MSF rate has been readjusted to 300 basis points (from the earlier 100 basis points) above the policy Repo rate under the Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF). As such, the MSF rate is raised to 10.25 per cent from 8.25 percent with effect from 16Jul2013.

b). Accordingly, Bank Rate has been raised to 10.25 percent with effect from 15Jul2013 (since 13Feb2012, Bank Rate has been made equal to MSF rate)

c). With effect from 17Jul2013, the total amount under RBI’s LAF is restricted to one percent of the net demand and time liabilities (NDTL) of the banking system, reckoned as Rs 75,000 crore

d). RBI would sell government securities to the tune of Rs 12,000 crore on 18Jul2013 as part of its open market operations (OMO)

What is Marginal Standing Facility (MSF)?

The MSF was started by RBI during the Annual Policy statement announced by it on 03 May 2011. The MSF facility was made effective from 09 May 2011.

The marginal standing facility is an additional window provided by RBI to banks, so that the latter can borrow overnight funds from RBI against their excess SLR (statutory liquidity ratio) holdings. MSF scheme is similar to LAF-Repo scheme. The difference between MSF and LAF-Repo is that under MSF, banks will have to pay higher rate of interest to RBI for their borrowings as compared to LAF-Repo.

Banks will look for the MSF window to borrow money from RBI once they exhausted all other avenues (like, call money market, LAF-repo window, Collateralized Borrowing and Lending Obligation or CBLO, market repo, etc.) for overnight money. Under exceptional circumstances, banks will borrow money through MSF window.

What are the Salient Features of MSF?

1. The Objective of MSF:

This facility is expected to contain volatility in the overnight inter-bank money market.

2. Eligibility:

All scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) are eligible to borrow from RBI under MSF.

3. Tenor and Amount:

With effect from 17Apr2012, Banks can borrow overnight funds up to two percent of their NDTL. In general, the borrowing is for one day except on Fridays when the facility will be for three days. Banks can continue to access the MSF even if they have excess SLR holdings. (Prior to 17Apr2012, banks were allowed to borrow funds up to one percent of their NDTL under MSF).

4. Rate of Interest:

With effect from 16Jul2013, banks under MSF have to pay interest at the rate of 300 basis points or three percentage points above the LAF-Repo rate. At present, LAF-Repo rate is 7.25 percent and as such, the MSF rate is 10.25 percent. So, whenever LAF-Repo rate is revised by RBI, the MSF rate will be revised accordingly. Prior to 16Jul2013, MSF rate was linked to 100 basis points above LAF-Repo rate.

5. Minimum Size:

Under MSF scheme, banks will have to make requests for a minimum of Rs one crore and in multiples of Rs one crore thereafter.

6. Eligible Securities:

They are Government of India Dated Securities/Treasury Bills and State Development Loans (SDL).

7. Margin Requirement:

A margin of five percent is required for GOI Dated Securities and Treasury Bills; and for SDLs, it is 10 percent. So, banks will have to offer Rs 105 (face value) worth of GOI Dated Securities and Treasury bills for a request of Rs 100; and Rs 110 (face value) worth of SDLs for a request of Rs 100.

MSF Rates since Beginning:

Graph showing the MSF rates since inception:

Special Repo Window for Mutual Funds:

RBI had on 17Jul2013 provided a special repo window whereby banks can avail funds from RBI to meet the liquidity requirements of mutual funds. Under this special repo window, banks can avail liquidity assistance from MSF up to 0.5 percent of NDTL, which is over and above the two percent (of NDTL) regular MSF window. This additional limit of 0.5 percent of NDTL will be available for a temporary period till further notice.

Off-beat Move by RBI:

By increasing MSF rate to curb rupee volatility, the RBI has acted in an off-beat manner to the surprise of market participants. Though the stated objective of RBI in raising MSF rate is to address exchange rate volatility, the market participants have interpreted the measure as raising short-term interest rates. The bond markets have panicked and bond prices have fallen sharply with bond yields shooting up much to the chagrin of investors. In the equity markets, banking stocks have fallen steeply due to liquidity squeeze and Treasury losses from bond portfolios.  

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Reference: RBI

Disclaimer: The author is an investment analyst and freelance writer. His articles on financial markets and Indian economy can be reached at:

http://ramakrishnavadlamudi.blogspot.in/ or www. scribd.com/vrk100


Note: Please check the comment attached below, made on 05Dec2018 by me, for interest rate on MSF, which is now 25 basis points above the LAF Repo rate.