Contrasting Forwards and Futures
In financial
markets across the globe, trillions of dollars of derivative transactions take
place on a daily basis round the clock – right from New
York , Chicago , London ,
Shanghai , Bombay ,
Hong Kong, to Singapore .
Forwards and futures are
important building blocks of derivative transactions. The following
easy-to-understand table describes the important differences between forward
and futures contracts. And later, the article briefly explains their general
uses, types and salient features.
Forwards
|
Futures
|
|
1
|
They are
customized products
|
They are
standardized products
|
to suit
individual needs - they
|
dealt on
stock exchanges
|
|
serve
specialized clientele
|
||
2
|
In
general, there is no mark-to-
|
Mark-to-market
is done on a
|
market of
contracts
|
daily
basis providing interim
|
|
cash
flows
|
||
3
|
No cash
changes at the start
|
A small
margin needs to be paid
|
of a
transaction
|
at the
start of a transaction
|
|
4
|
The
contract size depends on
|
The
contract size is fixed and
|
the needs
of clients
|
uniform
|
|
5
|
Counterparty
risk exists in
|
The stock
exchange bears the
|
forwards
(credit risk exists)
|
counterparty
risk (no credit risk)
|
|
6
|
They are
bilateral contracts,
|
They are
multiparty contracts,
|
that is,
between two parties
|
involving
many parties
|
|
7
|
They are
lightly regulated
|
They are
well regulated
|
Definition
and Salient Features
A forward contract (or simply a forward) is a financial contract
between two parties in which one party, the buyer, agrees to buy an underlying
asset from the other party, the seller, an underlying asset at a rate agreed at
the start of the contract and to be settled on a future date.
In contrast, a futures contract is a financial contract traded on
a recognized stock exchange to buy or sell an underlying asset, at a price
determined on the starting date of the contract, and to be settled on a specified
future date, but does not include a forward contract.
The underlying asset can be an equity share or an equity index, a
commodity or a commodity index, a currency, or an interest rate like the LIBOR
that is London
inter-bank offered rate.
The salient features of a futures contract include maturity date,
size or amount of the contract, the currency in which the contract is denominated,
settlement price and the method of settlement.
As described in the above table, forward contracts are not traded
on stock exchanges, but futures are. In a futures contract, the stock exchange
acts a central counterparty to all the deals and as such the parties have no
counterparty or credit risk. On the other hand, forwards carry credit risk as
the counter party may default at the maturity date of the contract.
Uses and
benefits of forwards and futures
Multi-national
companies and many other corporates are exposed to various types of risks,
ranging from volatile currency movements, ever-changing interest rates, to
oscillating commodity prices. Such companies undertake derivative transactions
to hedge, that is, especially to reduce or mitigate an existing identified risk
using derivatives, such as, futures, forwards, swaps or options.
In addition,
there are market-makers who can undertake derivative transactions to act as counterparties
in derivative transactions with users and also amongst themselves. They would
try to exploit the market movements and provide quotes.
Forward and futures contracts serve the purpose of risk
management, facilitate efficient price discovery, enable better counterparty
credit risk management and reduce transaction costs. Futures are used by
speculators also to exploit arbitrage opportunities in markets. Globally,
futures markets are more transparent and their volumes are much higher compared
to forward markets.
Main
types of forward or futures contracts
There are
various kinds of forwards and futures, the important types being the underlying
assets based on currencies, commodities, equities and interest rates.
The important
types of forward contracts include interest rate forward contracts or forward
rate agreements; equity forwards; currency forwards; and fixed-income forward
contracts. A forward rate agreement (FRA) is a specialized type of forward
contract used to hedge an exposure to interest rates or to exploit a view on
future interest rates.
Currency
futures, stock futures, index futures, bond futures, and interest rate futures
are major types of futures contracts and are traded on stock exchanges.
Forwards and
futures are important building blocks, in the sense that understanding them
well will help us in knowing well other types of derivatives, such as swaps,
swaptions and options.
A derivative is basically a financial instrument whose value
changes in response to the change in an underlying asset and is settled at a
future date as agreed between the parties involved. There are two types of
derivative contracts, OTC derivatives and exchange-traded derivatives.
Over-the-counter derivatives are contracts that are traded directly between two
parties, but not through an exchange. In contrast, exchange-traded derivatives
are derivative products that are traded on an exchange. For more, please read
the relevant articles:
1. Currency futures:
2. Interest Rate Futures:
- - -
Disclaimer: The author is an
investment analyst and writer. His views are personal. He has a vested interest
in the stock/bond markets. He may change his views very fast without any notice
depending on the market and economic conditions. His views should not be
construed as investment recommendation. There is a risk of loss in equity/bond
investments. Investors need to consult their certified financial adviser before
making any investment decisions.
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