Commodities
How to Approach Them?
AUTHOR: Rama Krishna Vadlamudi
MUMBAI
June 7th, 2006
INTRODUCTION TO
COMMODITIES:
The investment universe has, for long, consisted of stocks, bonds,
fixed deposits, mutual funds, jewellery, real estate and art. Sophisticated
investors deal in currencies or timber also. The lifting of the 30-year ban on
commodity futures trading in India
has opened yet another avenue for investors. Many analysts feel that we cannot
ignore a whole asset class, that is, commodities. An analysis of worldwide flow
of capital, new materials, goods and information helps one in understanding
financial markets in a better manner. Internationally, commodity market is many
times bigger than stock market. Commodities market is the largest non-financial
market in the world. The twentieth century has seen three periods of commodity
bull markets; the periods are 1906-23, 1933-53 and 1968-82. The present bull
market had started in 1999. Commodity pundits are of the opinion the present
bull market will last for another 10 to 15 years.
DEFINITION: Commodities are
alternatively called as “raw materials”, “natural resources”, “hard assets”,
“real things”, and “essentials”. World-renowned commodities guru, Jim Rogers,
in his famous book “Hot Commodities” writes: “Commodities are so pervasive
that, in my view, you really cannot be a successful investor in stocks, bonds,
or currencies without understanding them. Commodities belong in every truly
diversified portfolio. Investing in commodities can be a hedge against a bear
market in stocks, rampant inflation, even in major downturn in the economy.
Investing in commodities will present an enormous opportunity for the next
decade or so.”
SUPPLY
AND DEMAND: Commodity prices are dictated by supply-demand mismatch.
Commodities provide good investment opportunity. China is a big guzzler of
commodities, like, steel, aluminum, oil, agri commodities, etc. and the country
is a big importer of commodities. Commodities are liquid assets. Some
economists argue that when stocks are down, commodities are up and vice versa.
Like all financial markets, the prices of commodities swing between extremes.
For example, the price of gold was USD 35 per ounce in 1960s, USD 200 in 1975,
USD 100 in 1976 and USD 870 in January 1980. Now, it is hovering around USD
630.
In
the 1960s commodity futures were banned in our country. In 1998, the Government
started liberalizing futures trading in commodities. In April 2003, the
Government permitted futures trading in all the commodities. In a follow-up
move it said it would allow new commodity exchanges to come up and let them
deal in all commodities, on an electronic trading platform. The major commodity
exchanges in India
are National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange Ltd (NCDEX), Multi Commodity
Exchange of India Ltd (MCX), National Multi Commodity Exchange of India Ltd and
National Board of Trade (NBOT). Forward Markets Commission (FMC) is the regulatory
body for the commodities trading. FMC is an arm of the Ministry of Consumer
Affairs, Food & Public Distribution. FMC is thinking of introducing
commodity options also.
PRICE
DISCOVERY: By definition forwards/futures perform the important functions of
price discovery and price risk management. It is useful to all segments in the
economy. A reasonable cost of carry must determine the relationship between
spot and futures prices, thereby removing arbitrariness and bringing in greater
transparency. Cost of carry in commodity markets means interest on investment,
loss on account of loss of weight or deterioration in quality, etc.
CORPORATE
EXPOSURE TO COMMODITIES: May
corporates that have exposures on metals like copper, aluminum, cotton,
oilseeds, etc., will be benefit immensely by hedging their positions on the
exchanges. The Banking Regulation Act does not permit banks to deal in
commodities, though they are allowed to trade in bullion. Institutions and
banks use the commodity derivative market for their risk management and hedging
requirements. Many banks in India
are now dealing in gold. They are holding gold and selling gold coins to
general public through their branches.
State Bank of India has sought the approval of the Reserve
Bank of India
to get into exchange traded commodity futures. SBI feels a commodity future
trading is a good investment opportunity. In August 2004, SBI had taken a 10%
stake in the equity capital of MCX. Our Bank also holds a small stake in the
exchange.
AGRI
COMMODITIES: Farmers are also expected to profit from the futures market in
agri commodities. If farmers expect a good crop in a particular season, they
can sell part of their expected crop forward on exchanges. This will enable the
farmers to lock into a price irrespective of the price on the day the crop is
harvested. Some of the exchanges have networked major ‘mandis’ and provide
prices of agri commodities on a real time basis. Some exchanges are working
with banks to fund farmers against commodities stored in accredited warehouses.
Government is also mulling introduction of a Warehouse Receipts Act to provide
legal validity to such warehouse receipts.
COMMODITY
BROKING: Various stockbrokers, including Geojit, Motilal Oswal, ICICI Web
Trade and India Infoline provide commodity-trading services also. Commodity
future contracts are tradeable standardized contracts, the terms and conditions
of which are set in advance by the exchanges regulating the trade. Each
contract has a lot size and a delivery size. A settlement takes place either
through squaring off one’s position or by cash settlement or physical delivery.
Delivery is at the option of the seller. Commodity derivative is construed as a
financial instrument and not a commodity instrument. More than 95-98 per cent
of contracts expire/get squared off on the commodity exchanges without any
physical delivery. Unlike stock markets, some commodity exchanges open up to
11.00 pm. However, crude and metals are traded in the night sessions.
Commodity futures are
easier to understand compared to equity futures, as one has to just keep track
of demand and supply and not the several financial metrics that the latter
calls for.
The major
traded commodities in India
are:
gold, silver, oil, guar, soya bean, cotton, mustard seed, RBD palmolein, soya
oil, castor seed, wheat, rice, sugar, coffee, tea, pepper and rubber.
Source: Newspapers, Magazines, Investment books,
web sites, etc.
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